🍎 Food, Kitchen & Beverages
Curd
Lactic Acid
C₃H₆O₃
Responsible for the sour taste of curd and fermented dairy products.
Vinegar
Acetic Acid
CH₃COOH
Main acid present in vinegar.
Baking Soda
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate
NaHCO₃
Used in baking, antacids and some cleaning applications.
Washing Soda
Sodium Carbonate Decahydrate
Na₂CO₃·10H₂O
Used as a cleaning agent and for softening hard water.
Table Salt
Sodium Chloride
NaCl
Common edible salt and important electrolyte.
Sugar
Sucrose
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Common table sugar.
Glucose
Glucose
C₆H₁₂O₆
Important carbohydrate and energy source.
Fruit Sugar
Fructose
C₆H₁₂O₆
Naturally occurring sugar found in fruits and honey.
Milk Sugar
Lactose
C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁
Main carbohydrate in milk.
Vitamin C
Ascorbic Acid
C₆H₈O₆
Vitamin C found in citrus fruits and many foods.
Antioxidant
Citric Acid
C₆H₈O₇
Present naturally in citrus fruits and used as an acidity regulator.
Cream of Tartar
Potassium Hydrogen Tartrate
KHC₄H₄O₆
Used in baking and food preparation.
MSG
Monosodium Glutamate
C₅H₈NO₄Na
Flavour enhancer used in many foods.
Preservative
Sodium Benzoate
C₇H₅NaO₂
Food preservative used in acidic foods and beverages.
Preservative
Potassium Sorbate
C₆H₇KO₂
Used to inhibit mould and yeast growth in foods.
Baking
Tartaric Acid
C₄H₆O₆
Found naturally in tamarind and grapes; used in baking powders.
Anticaking
Silicon Dioxide
SiO₂
Used in some food products as an anticaking agent.
Starch
Starch
(C₆H₁₀O₅)ₙ
Major carbohydrate in rice, wheat, potato and other foods.
🏠 Household Chemicals
Water
Water
H₂O
Drinking, cooking, washing and countless biological processes.
Chalk
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO₃
Found in limestone, marble and chalk.
Plaster
Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate
CaSO₄·½H₂O
Plaster of Paris used for moulds and plaster work.
Gypsum
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate
CaSO₄·2H₂O
Used in construction materials and plaster production.
Bleaching
Sodium Hypochlorite
NaClO
Used in diluted solutions for disinfection and bleaching.
Disinfectant
Hydrogen Peroxide
H₂O₂
Oxidizing agent used in disinfecting and bleaching applications.
Spirit
Ethanol
C₂H₅OH
Used in sanitizers, solvents and many industrial products.
Ammonia
Ammonia
NH₃
Used in cleaning products and industrial processes.
Lime Water
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)₂
Used in whitewashing and several construction applications.
Quick Lime
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Used in cement, construction and chemical industries.
Slaked Lime
Calcium Hydroxide
Ca(OH)₂
Used in whitewashing and mortar.
Wood Alcohol
Methanol
CH₃OH
Industrial solvent and chemical raw material.
⚠️ Methanol is highly toxic and must not be consumed.
🧼 Soaps, Detergents & Cleaning
Soap
Sodium Stearate
C₁₈H₃₅NaO₂
Representative sodium soap formed from stearic acid.
Soap
Potassium Stearate
C₁₈H₃₅KO₂
Potassium soap used in some liquid/soft soap formulations.
Detergent
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate
C₁₂H₂₅NaO₄S
Surfactant used in shampoos, detergents and cleaning products.
Detergent
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
C₁₈H₂₉NaO₃S
Important surfactant used in many detergents.
Cleaning
Hydrochloric Acid
HCl
Used in controlled industrial and cleaning applications.
⚠️ Concentrated HCl is highly corrosive.
Drain Cleaner
Sodium Hydroxide
NaOH
Strong alkali used in some drain cleaners and soap manufacture.
⚠️ Highly corrosive.
Bleach
Sodium Hypochlorite
NaClO
Common chlorine-based bleaching/disinfection chemical.
Glass Cleaner
Isopropyl Alcohol
C₃H₈O
Solvent and cleaning agent used in many formulations.
💊 Medicines, Health & Body
Antacid
Magnesium Hydroxide
Mg(OH)₂
Used as an antacid and laxative in appropriate formulations.
Antacid
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO₃
Used as an antacid and calcium source.
Antacid
Magnesium Carbonate
MgCO₃
Used in some pharmaceutical and antacid formulations.
Antiseptic
Iodine
I₂
Used in antiseptic preparations.
Antiseptic
Chlorhexidine
C₂₂H₃₀Cl₂N₁₀
Antiseptic used in certain healthcare products.
Pain Relief
Paracetamol
C₈H₉NO₂
Common medicine for pain and fever.
Aspirin
Acetylsalicylic Acid
C₉H₈O₄
Used medically as an analgesic and antiplatelet drug.
Vitamin B3
Niacin
C₆H₅NO₂
One chemical form of vitamin B3.
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
C₈H₁₁NO₃
A form of vitamin B6.
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin
C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
Synthetic form of vitamin B12 used in supplements and medicines.
Toothpaste
Sodium Fluoride
NaF
Fluoride source used to help prevent dental caries.
Toothpaste
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO₃
Abrasive/polishing ingredient in some toothpastes.
🌱 Fertilizers & Agriculture
Urea
Urea
CO(NH₂)₂
Major nitrogen fertilizer.
Fertilizer
Ammonium Sulfate
(NH₄)₂SO₄
Nitrogen and sulfur fertilizer.
Fertilizer
Ammonium Nitrate
NH₄NO₃
High-nitrogen fertilizer used under regulated conditions.
Fertilizer
Potassium Chloride
KCl
Common potassium fertilizer, often called muriate of potash.
Phosphate
Diammonium Phosphate
(NH₄)₂HPO₄
Provides nitrogen and phosphorus to crops.
Superphosphate
Monocalcium Phosphate
Ca(H₂PO₄)₂
Important phosphate fertilizer component.
Micronutrient
Zinc Sulfate
ZnSO₄
Used to supply zinc to plants and in other applications.
Bordeaux Mixture
Copper Sulfate
CuSO₄·5H₂O
Used in agriculture and laboratory applications.
⚡ Fuels, Batteries & Energy
LPG
Propane
C₃H₈
One of the major components of LPG.
LPG
Butane
C₄H₁₀
Another major component of LPG.
Natural Gas
Methane
CH₄
Main component of natural gas.
Fuel
Ethanol
C₂H₅OH
Used as a fuel component and solvent.
Petrol
Octane
C₈H₁₈
Hydrocarbon used as a representative component of petrol.
Diesel
Hydrocarbons
Variable
Diesel is a mixture of many hydrocarbons rather than one pure chemical.
Lead-Acid Battery
Sulfuric Acid
H₂SO₄
Electrolyte in conventional lead-acid batteries.
Battery
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
LiCoO₂
Cathode material used in some lithium-ion batteries.
Battery
Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO₄
Cathode material used in lithium iron phosphate batteries.
Battery
Graphite
C
Common anode material in lithium-ion batteries.
🏭 Materials, Construction & Industry
Glass
Silicon Dioxide
SiO₂
Major component of many types of glass.
Glass
Sodium Carbonate
Na₂CO₃
Important raw material in glass manufacturing.
Glass
Calcium Carbonate
CaCO₃
Used as a raw material in glass and cement industries.
Cement
Calcium Oxide
CaO
Major constituent derived during cement manufacture.
Cement
Silicon Dioxide
SiO₂
Important oxide in cement chemistry.
Steel
Iron
Fe
Principal metal in steel.
Rust
Hydrated Iron(III) Oxide
Fe₂O₃·xH₂O
Common representation of rust formed on iron.
Plaster
Calcium Sulfate
CaSO₄
Important material in gypsum and plaster systems.
PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride
(C₂H₃Cl)ₙ
Plastic used in pipes, insulation and many products.
Polythene
Polyethylene
(C₂H₄)ₙ
Widely used plastic for packaging and containers.
Teflon
PTFE
(C₂F₄)ₙ
Fluoropolymer known for chemical resistance and low friction.
Baking & Packaging
Polystyrene
(C₈H₈)ₙ
Used in packaging, insulation and other applications.
❄️ Refrigerator & Air-Conditioner Refrigerants
R-134a
1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
C₂H₂F₄
Historically widely used as a refrigerant in refrigerators and vehicle air-conditioning systems.
R-600a
Isobutane
C₄H₁₀
Widely used in modern domestic refrigerators.
R-290
Propane
C₃H₈
Used as a refrigerant in some modern refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.
R-32
Difluoromethane
CH₂F₂
Refrigerant used in some modern air-conditioning systems.
R-410A
Blend of R-32 + R-125
CH₂F₂ + C₂HF₅
Refrigerant blend used in air-conditioning equipment.
R-22
Chlorodifluoromethane
CHClF₂
Older HCFC refrigerant; its use is restricted/phased out in many applications.
R-717
Ammonia
NH₃
Important industrial refrigerant, particularly in large refrigeration systems.
R-744
Carbon Dioxide
CO₂
Natural refrigerant used in commercial and industrial refrigeration systems.
❄️ Important:
Refrigerants depend on the appliance, model and year of manufacture.
R-600a (isobutane) is very common in modern household refrigerators,
while older refrigerators may use R-134a. Never substitute a refrigerant
without following the appliance manufacturer's specifications.
🧴 Cosmetics, Shampoo & Personal Care
Humectant
Glycerol / Glycerin
C₃H₈O₃
Used in soaps, creams, toothpaste and cosmetics as a humectant.
Solvent
Propylene Glycol
C₃H₈O₂
Used as solvent and humectant in many personal-care products.
Preservative
Phenoxyethanol
C₈H₁₀O₂
Preservative used in some cosmetic formulations.
Silicone
Dimethicone
Variable polymer
Silicone polymer used in creams, hair products and cosmetics.
UV Filter
Titanium Dioxide
TiO₂
White pigment used in many products and some sunscreen formulations.
Pigment
Iron Oxides
Fe₂O₃ / Fe₃O₄
Used as pigments in cosmetics, paints and other products.
Fragrance
Limonene
C₁₀H₁₆
Naturally occurring fragrance compound found in citrus oils.
Fragrance
Vanillin
C₈H₈O₃
Important flavour and fragrance compound associated with vanilla.
🌍 Air, Atmosphere & Common Gases
Oxygen
O₂
Essential for respiration and combustion.
Nitrogen
N₂
Main component of Earth's atmosphere.
Carbon Dioxide
CO₂
Produced during respiration and combustion; used in carbonated beverages and fire extinguishers.
Ozone
O₃
Protective ozone layer absorbs much of the Sun's harmful UV radiation.
Hydrogen
H₂
Used in chemical industries, fuel systems and other technologies.
Helium
He
Used in balloons, cryogenics and specialized applications.
Argon
Ar
Used in lighting and as an inert shielding gas in welding.
Nitrous Oxide
N₂O
Used medically under controlled conditions and in some food applications.